Wood species
Iroko wood
Iroko is a hardwood (Chlorophora spp.). At 12% moisture content it has a Janka hardness of 1,260 lbf (5,605 N) and it weighs about 40 lb/ft³ (639 kg/m³), 3.3 lb (1.51 kg) per board foot.
Key numbers
- Janka hardness, 12% MC
- 1,260 lbf (5,605 N)
- Green: 1,080 lbf (4,804 N)
- Weight at 12% MC
- 40 lb/ft³ (639 kg/m³)
- 3.3 lb per board foot
- Specific gravity (oven-dry weight)
- 0.54 on green volume
- Shrinkage, green to oven-dry
- 3.8% tangential
- Radial 2.8%, volumetric 8.8%
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4)
Why: From the USDA Wood Handbook, which collected these values from the world literature; iroko's density is worked from its specific gravity with the Handbook's own equations.
How much iroko moves
A 12 in wide flatsawn board of iroko that goes from 6% to 12% moisture content swells about 0.09 in (about 3/32 in, 2.4 mm). Quartersawn, the same board moves about 0.07 in (about 1/16 in, 1.7 mm). Flatsawn faces move 1.4 times as much as quartersawn ones, because the wood shrinks 3.8% around the growth rings but only 2.8% across them.
Worked from the Wood Handbook's shrinkage values (Table 4-4) with its Eq. 13-4; the Handbook gives no movement coefficients for imported woods. Individual boards vary: the Handbook gives shrinkage a coefficient of variation of about 15% (p. 4-11).
Color, grain and working
- Color
- Pale yellowish brown to dark chocolate brown, with light markings on flatsawn faces; yellowish white sapwood.
- Grain and texture
- Medium to coarse texture, typically interlocked grain.
- Working and character
- Works easily, though interlocked grain can tear and occasional mineral deposits damage cutting edges. Dries quickly with little degrade; strength about like red maple; very resistant to decay.
- Uses
- Suggested as a teak substitute: boats, marine work, joinery, flooring, furniture and cabinetwork.
Adapted in our own words from the Wood Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 2-25.
Strength
Bending strength is the modulus of rupture (MOR); stiffness is the modulus of elasticity (MOE). Values for iroko from Wood Handbook Table 5-5b (p. 5-23), which the Handbook says were collected from the world literature, on clear, straight-grained specimens. Knots and cross grain make lumber weaker than these clear samples (Handbook Chapter 5).
| Property | Green | 12% MC |
|---|---|---|
| Bending strength (MOR) | 10,200 psi (70 MPa) | 12,400 psi (85 MPa) |
| Stiffness (MOE) | 1,290,000 psi (8.9 GPa) | 1,460,000 psi (10.1 GPa) |
| Crushing strength (compression parallel to grain) | 4,910 psi (34 MPa) | 7,590 psi (52 MPa) |
| Shear parallel to grain | 1,310 psi (9 MPa) | 1,800 psi (12 MPa) |
A dash means the Handbook prints no value; none is filled in.
Dust and health
- Wood dust is classed as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, chiefly for cancers of the nose and sinuses.
- NIOSH recommends keeping wood dust exposure to 1 mg/m³ of total dust, as quoted in OSHA's sawmill guidance.
- Germany's federal list of sensitizing substances (TRGS 907) names Chlorophora excelsa as a skin sensitizer.
This is what the named authorities publish, not medical advice.
Compare with
Why these numbers
Why these numbers?
The situation
The Wood Handbook prints 1,260 lbf of side hardness at 12% moisture content for iroko, a value it says was collected from the world literature (Table 5-5b, p. 5-23).
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4) , sources [1]
What that means
Side hardness (Janka) is the load needed to press a 0.444 in (11.28 mm) steel ball halfway into the wood across the grain; a higher number dents less (Handbook p. 5-5).
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4) , sources [1]
So
The Handbook gives only the green specific gravity (0.54) for iroko, so it is moved to 12% with the volumetric shrinkage of 8.8% (Eqs. 4-9 and 4-11), then multiplied by water's density and 1.12 (Eq. 4-14).
Arithmetic: exact by definition , sources [1]
The number
About 40 lb/ft³, or 3.3 lb per board foot (1/12 ft³), at 12% moisture content.
Arithmetic: exact by definition
Sources